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With the exceptional conditions enabled by this technology we envision a whole scope of new physical phenomena, including: the possibility of laser self-focus in the vacuum, neutron manipulation by the beat of such lasers, zeptosecond spectroscopy of nuclei, etc. High-energy gamma rays can also be efficiently emitted with a bril- liance many orders of magnitude above the brightest X-ray sources by this accelerating process, from both the betatron radiation as well as the dominant radiative-damping dynamics. Such high energy proton (and ion) beams can induce copious neutrons, which can also give rise to intense compact muon beams and neutrino beams that may be portable.
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These processes are not limited to only electron acceleration, and if ions are pre-accelerated to beyond GeV they are capable of being further accelerated using a LWFA scheme to similar energies as electrons over the same distance-scales. (If the X-rays are focused further, much higher energies beyond this are possible).
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If the X-ray field is limited by the Schwinger field at the focal size of ∼100 nm, the achievable energy is 1 PeV over 50 m. Such X-rays are focusable far beyond the diffraction limit of the original laser wavelength and when injected into a crystal it forms a metallic-density electron plasma ideally suited for laser wakefield acceleration. We suggest utilizing these coherent X-rays to drive the acceleration of particles. With this fs intense laser we can produce a coherent X-ray pulse that is also compressed, well into the hard X-ray regime (∼10 keV) and with a power up to as much as 10 Exawatts. With newly available compact laser technology we are capable of producing 100 PW-class laser pulses with a single-cycle duration on the femtosecond timescale.